Organisation development Essay

Associations are human networks, which are shaped by uniting individuals to convey, unblemished and manufacture connections to help each other to make meaning together. Data assumes a significant job in building these social orders and giving information about the errand individuals perform. The data systems made by the associations help the individuals to embrace the earth. Manufacture and create correspondence systems, improves learning process, creates feeling of understanding and sharing between the individuals, gives a stage to examine disclosures and developments, furnish the individuals with opportunity to learn in the wake of committing errors. A learning association purposefully plans the structures and methodologies so as to improve and expand the learning of its representatives. (Dodgson, 1993) With the changing condition of business and propelling innovation the thought of the Learning associations has increased significantly more significance. Learning has gotten a significant trait of an association so as to contend in the worldwide business. Learning is an unpredictable and dynamic idea through which the way toward refreshing in an association happens. With the developing size of the companies and nonstop advancements in the field of innovation the individual learning has changed to the idea of the authoritative learning. The thought of learning has a significant impact in the advancement of an individual simply like that the learning on the hierarchical level has a significant influence in the development of an association. The hierarchical gathering of individuals can characterize the authoritative learning as the aggregate of the learning exercises of the person, which requires the state of consolidated exertion (Dodgson, 1993; Fiol and Lyles, 1985). An authoritative learning system ought to be structured in the manner that it isn't lost when the individuals from the association leave the association. The learning arrangement of a powerful learning association not just fill the need of the current workers yet additionally provide food the necessities of things to come representatives by the aggregation of narratives, encounters, standards, and stories. In the profoundly serious condition of the business in today’s high pace changing business condition upgrading the learning capacities of business is the arrangement of half of the issues (Prahalad and Hamel, 1994). Similarly significant is the making of an unlearning association which basically implies that the association must overlook a portion of its past. In this manner, learning happens in the midst of such clashing components (Dodgson, 1993). A large portion of the main organizations of the world like Shell were among the first to grasp the idea of learning. In Shell Arie de Geus portrayed learning as the main procedure to contend successfully. Thus learning association can be characterized as â€Å"The substance of authoritative learning is the organisation’s capacity to utilize the astounding intellectual ability of every one of its individuals to make the sort of procedures that will improve its own† (Dixon, 1994) A Learning Company is an association that encourages the learning of every one of its individuals and ceaselessly changes itself† (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell, 1991) â€Å"Organisations where individuals consistently extend their ability to make the outcomes they genuinely want, where new and far reaching examples of reasoning are supported, where aggregate yearning is liberated, and where individuals are constantly figuring out how to learn together† (Peter Senge, 1990) coming up next are the significant qualities of the learning associations: †¢ Learning associations embraces the outer conditions. They are adaptable and proceed with the procedure of progress. †¢ Depicts the blend of individual and aggregate learning. †¢ Keeps on learning with the results. Learning should be possible in two different ways. 1) Single circle 2) Double circle In single circle learning individuals learn in a route recommended to them by the association. In twofold circle learning individuals, individuals learn in a recommended path as well as can address and can change the structure. The capacity to utilize twofold circle learning is a key to progress for today’s associations. Motorola puts incredible stress on the learning of its representatives. It has made a vital organization with the ACS partnership so as to pick up is tent ability in learning and HR so all the HR and preparing exercises worldwide can be improved and modernized. The $650million contract has made another specialty unit, which will have influence in progress of the HR and learning of workers. The progression has been taken so as to increase world class the board of regulatory and value-based capacity identified with HR with preparing and advancement. A large number of the Motorola’s previous representatives give virtual start to finish HR capacities. This is done so as to hold authority over key territories. Formative needs and evaluation: Motorola has gotten sensational change its preparation strategy by moving its unbending preparing long periods of study hall preparing to a generally adaptable learning program separately intended for a representative. Motorola targets improving the professions of its previous workers. It is assessed that the individuals who center just around preparing as a vocation are a greater number of devotees instead of those in help work. The game plan will put accentuation on the IT arranged aptitudes improvement of representatives at Motorola. (Harris, 2003)

Principles of Distillation Essay Example for Free

Standards of Distillation Essay What is refining? Just, refining is the procedure wherein a fluid is disintegrated (gone to steam), recondensed (turned around into a fluid) and gathered in a compartment. Nature utilizes a type of refining to turn salt water (seawater) into new water (downpour). For what reason do you use refining to reuse squander solvents? Dissolvable based waste contains unpredictable material (solvents) and non-unstable material (contaminants like paint, ink, oil, fiberglass, and so on.). A large number of the non-unstable taints are broken up in the dissolvable (like salt disintegrated in salt water) and can't be sifted through. Refining is a perfect method to isolate the two. For what reason is refining a perfect method to isolate the two? During the refining procedure, the dissolvable based waste is warmed until it arrives at the breaking point. It at that point vanishes (disintegrates) and goes through the condenser where warmth is expelled from the fume and it turns around into a cool, clean reusable fluid (same procedure that makes dew structure). Luckily, pollutes are normally not unstable (effortlessly disintegrated) and remain behind in the refining tank. You state pollutes are regularly not unpredictable, does this mean some are? Every so often there are situations where a potential client wishes to isolate an unstable dissolvable from another unpredictable material. This isn't the ordinary client. A few cases incorporate clients utilizing a liquor to expel water from parts to dry them or where they have dissolvable blends because of poor house keeping rehearses (they protuberance every single waste dissolvable into one drum from various tasks like canvas and parts cleaning). To isolate one unstable from another successfully requires fragmentary refining; our procedure utilizes basic refining. What are the contrasts between straightforward refining and partial refining? Essentially expressed, in straightforward refining, what you put in is the thing that you get back, yet it is liberated from non-unstable materials (it is spotless!). Partial refining is substantially more entangled (and costly). It is the base procedure where raw petroleum is transformed into the numerous things that originate from oil. Fragm entary refining isn't required for practically all dissolvable reusing applications. What is vacuum refining? Vacuum refining is the refining of a fluid under diminished tension. The environmental weight in the refining tank is diminished making it conceivable to heat up the fluid at a lower temperature. Fluids bubble at lower temperatures under diminished tension (the opposite is that a fluid bubbles at a higher temperature under tension, which is the reason they utilize a compel top on a car radiator to build the breaking point of the motor coolant to forestall bubble over). For what reason do you use vacuum refining? Vacuum refining is utilized to securely recoup higher breaking point solvents. We limit the most extreme temperature of the refining unit’s radiator. There is a temperature at which a combustible or burnable material can light by temperature just, this is known as the autoignition temperature (this is examined later). A few solvents bubble at temperatures that surpass the temperature that the refining radiator can reach (392â º Fahrenheit). Va cuum refining brings down the breaking point to permit recuperation inside the radiators most extreme setting. When do you use vacuum refining? It is utilized to securely recoup solvents with breaking points over 300â º Fahrenheit. Vacuum refining ought not be utilized on solvents with breaking points underneath 200â º Fahrenheit. In the event that the most extreme warmer setting is 392â º Fahrenheit, for what reason do I have to utilize vacuum refining for solvents with breaking points over 300â º Fahrenheit, don’t you mean solvents with breaking points over 392â º Fahrenheit? No! When heating up a fluid, two variables come in to play. One is the necessity to have a â€Å"driving force† to compel the fluid to bubble and disintegrate. This â€Å"driving force† is as additional temperature to permit the dissolvable to build up a decent moving bubble. The other factor is the job of the non-unstable buildup. As you bubble off dissolvable and the rest of the blend in the refining tank turns out to be progressively gathered in the nonvolatile material, the fume pressure drops (Raoult’s Law) and ge nerally significant, the breaking point goes up! So primary concern is that you need 50 to 100 degrees of additional temperature to work admirably of heating up the waste dissolvable. Likewise, the concentrated non-unpredictable material goes about as a protector towards the finish of the procedure as it turns out to be increasingly thought. Along these lines, as the level of non-volatiles in the debased dissolvable expands, the necessary warmth to totally distil the blend additionally increments. Here and there solvents that have breaking points of 318 ºF (Xylene) may not require a vacuum on the off chance that they are not exceptionally polluted however unquestionably would if the strong substance was more prominent than, lets state 10%. Pulling a vacuum on such a blend will diminish its breaking point and the general time to process it. How is the vacuum made? The vacuum is created utilizing our JetVac innovation. A treated steel store is prepared once with clean dissolvable. A little treated steel siphon is submerged in the fluid and is joined to an explosionproof electric engine. At the point when the engine is turned over, clean dissolvable is brought into the siphon and constrained through a metal cylinder known as a suction apparatus. The suction apparatus seems as though an open bit of channel with a little hole (gap) on one side. As the high speed liquid is siphoned over the essence of the opening, it makes attractions (like a venturi on a carburetor). Air is gotten through the venturi from the refining framework and goes through a vent.

Getting Your Low Price College Term Papers From an Online Retailer

Getting Your Low Price College Term Papers From an Online RetailerIt is time to give your students the best buy for their school books, and a perfect place to start is by buying your low price college term papers from an online retailer. You can be sure that there are lots of good online retailers who offer quality college papers at unbeatable prices. This makes their offers the best value for money, and it gives your students the opportunity to take advantage of great prices.Since you know that your students' first papers need to be taken care of, you will want to make sure that you buy your papers from a company that specializes in this sector. Also, you want to make sure that you get your papers from a company that offers free shipping.The choices for the paper that you will be getting depend on your needs. You want to find a paper that matches the look of your room, and that will go with the decor of your entire room. Also, you want your students to love using their papers becaus e they are the first real moment where they are allowed to express themselves and express their true thoughts.Paper that is a shade lighter than the room you are placing it in will look good with just about any room. If you choose darker papers, then you should use them with lighter tones. This will give a slightly muted look to the room and can be done easily. All you need to do is to paint the entire room in a darker tone.If you want a more vibrant, fun color theme, then you can find vibrant colors that go well with almost any room. Choose colors that are not too light and that pop, or you can even use yellows and blues.Another thing to keep in mind is the design of the paper. Use something that is in line with the color of the room, and that helps the room to feel a little more 'put together.'Finally, when you are ready to shop for your papers, make sure that you keep a few things in mind. The type of paper that you are looking for, as well as the paper's material, color, and des ign, should all be taken into consideration before you decide which paper to buy.So, get your low price college term papers from an online retailer and be sure to get your papers in good shape for your students. Use an online retailer to get great prices on the papers that you need, and get the papers that you can't live without in your classroom.

Occupational and Environmental Pesticide Exposure and the Risk of Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2355 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? This literature review discusses the possible connection between pesticide exposure and the risk of developing Alzheimers disease (AD). After thorough examination of peer-reviewed and literature review articles, data revealed there is an association between the risk of Alzheimers disease and pesticide exposure, primarily limited to those with a history of occupational pesticide exposure. Only brief evidence of environmental pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimers disease was found. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Occupational and Environmental Pesticide Exposure and the Risk of Alzheimers Disease" essay for you Create order While each article touched on the aforementioned topic, the literature also emphasized the importance for supplementary research on specific pesticide classes, as results indicated organophosphates and organochlorines pose the most significant risk in developing Alzheimers disease. The literature presented distinctly called to action further research on this connection primarily in female populations, as the link between pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimers disease in males is more apparent. Further study on this topic may include new research examining pesticide usage in food products, as eating pesticide-altered foods is a mechanism of everyday pesticide exposure in both genders, not yet explored in literature. If this research is conducted, there is potential for change in overall pesticide usage, policies on pesticides, and possible reduction in cases of Alzheimers disease. Keywords: pesticides, pesticide exposure, occupational, environmental, Alzheimers disease, risk factors, neurological disorders Pesticide Exposure and the Risk of Alzheimers Disease There is long-standing evidence that pesticides can be responsible for certain acute and chronic health effects. Although there are thousands of studies on pesticides and their link to conditions such as cancers, reproductive health, and Parkinsons disease, data is lacking in regards to pesticide exposure and their relationship to the risk of developing Alzheimers disease (AD). Current findings suggest pesticide exposure may cause the loss of neuron signaling, resulting in cognitive decline, impaired memory/attention, and motor function, all of which are common neurobehavioral symptoms of AD (Baldi et al., 2003, Parrin, Requena, Hernandez, Alarcin, 2011). Databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect were used to find peer-reviewed articles that applied to this topic between the years 2001 and 2014. Mesh headings included risk of AD, risk factors for AD, occupational pesticide exposure, and environmental pesticide exposure. The majority of literature that surfaced pertaining to pestici de exposure and its association with increased risk of AD consisted of cohort, case-control, and ecological studies, with a focus on populations where occupational or environmental mechanisms were the origins of exposure. This paper discusses the current evidence on the association between daily occupational and environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of developing AD by examining five peer-reviewed articles and one literature review. The presented literature highlights how risk of AD may differ between occupational and environmental pesticide exposures, specific types of pesticides and possible elevated risks of AD, as well as explanations representing the lack of data on pesticide exposure and risk of AD in female populations. Literature Review Occupational and Environmental Pesticide Exposures The factors distinguishing occupational pesticide exposure from environmental pesticide exposure include the intentional, direct usage of pesticides by a person during their daily occupation, typically in farming and agricultural industries (Quissell, 2018). Conversely, environmental pesticide exposure may include the unintentional contamination of soil, water, air, and vegetation from pesticides (Quissell, 2018). For the purposes of this review, the latter is considered independent from occupational pesticide exposure. A prospective cohort study published in The American Journal of Epidemiology reported a significant association between AD and occupational pesticide exposure, explaining that the French elderly, aged 65 and older, who previously worked in vineyards or agricultural settings had over two times the risk of developing AD due to their occupation (Baldi et al., 2003). It is also important to emphasize this positive association still occurred after adjusting for smoking and education levels (2003). By the last follow-up session, researchers found a cumulative exposure for a total of 228 subjects, twenty-six of whom presented with AD, translating to 30.7 cases per 1,000 person-years (Baldi et al., 2003). This study suggests that not only may short-term cognitive impairments occur in occupationally exposed individuals, but AD development is also a possible and more severe result of occupational pesticide exposure, even after long-term work cessation (Baldi et al., 2003). A more recent case-control study published in The American Academy of Neurology explained similar conclusions on occupational pesticide exposure and the risk of AD. After assessment of self-reported exposure data and cognitive statuses in residents of Cache County, Utah, researchers concluded that of the 572 pesticide-exposed individuals, over 40% of those exposed reported farming as their primary occupation (Hayden et al., 2010). More importantly, 344 of the pesticide-exposed individuals were all diagnosed with AD (2010). These results provide evidence that there is a correlation between occupational pesticide exposure and development of AD. However, this correlation also poses the argument that pesticide exposure outside of occupational settings and risk of AD is also possible, as not all of the 344 pesticide-exposed individuals reported exposure from only occupational history. This latter statement is evidence suggesting that in general, pesticides could be an overall risk factor in developing AD. Although data seems consistent in occupational pesticide exposure and risk of AD, the two studies that evaluated the association between environmental pesticide exposure and risk of AD differed immensely. In a case-control study developed in the Saguenay-Lac region of Quebec, Canada, researchers aimed to find an association between environmental pesticide exposure and risk of AD, basing their conclusions on assessment of pesticide, herbicide, and insecticide spraying activity in residential areas (Gauthier et al., 2001). After controlling for genetic, occupational, and sociodemographic factors, the results failed to show a connection between significant risk of AD and exposure to any and all pesticides (2001). In a literature review published in Toxicology, authors consider the outcome of Gauthier et al. (2001) invalid, as the central measure of environmental exposure was indirectly assessed based on residence and the Agriculture Statistics of Canada for pesticide-spraying activity i n only a few areas (Zaganas et al., 2013, p.6). Conversely, an ecological study conducted in Andalusia, Spain, provides some evidence that the risk of AD is in fact greater in populations living near farm and agricultural lands where there is high pesticide usage (Parrin, Requena, Hernndez, Alarin, 2011). Parin, Requena, Hernndez, Alarcn (2011) explain how pesticide residues can travel into surrounding water, soil, and even air from nearby agricultural land and farms, becoming a harmful substance to those in proximity (p.380). This concept is one mechanism of environmental pesticide exposure, and a potential reason why populations living in areas of high pesticide usage have a greater risk of AD (Parr?n, Requena, Hernandez, Alarcin, 2011). This data is particularly significant for the association between environmental pesticide exposure and risk of AD because researchers controlled for all occupations relating to agriculture. Therefore, data only represented participants exposed to pesticides based on proximity to agricultural practices and farmlands, compared to those who lived closer to urban settings. In other words, results propose that there is an association between environmental pesticide exposure and higher risk of AD, independent from occupational exposure. Although Gauthier et al. (2001) did not provide evidence of an association between environmental pesticide exposure and risk of AD, it is important to note that this study is an example of the clear-cut gap in current literature on environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of AD itself. Further research strictly on environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of ADis crucial to provide a consensus in data. This research should answer if environmental pesticide exposure includes more categories in addition to contamination of soil, water, air, and household pesticides. Research should call into question if duration of environmental pesticide exposure has an effect on the risk of AD, if certain classifications of pesticides have a higher risk than others in comparison to widely used occupational pesticides, as well as possible ways to eradicate environmental pesticide exposures. Types of Pesticides and Elevated Risk of AD Part of the difficulty in determining if pesticide exposures are truly associated with risk of AD is the lack of science-based evidence regarding the harmful effects of specific pesticide classes. Media, news outlets, and even documentaries about the agricultural industry have instilled the idea that the four classes of pesticides are not created equal, and some are far worse than others. According to science-based literature, there is some truth to this statement, as research suggests two specific pesticides, organophosphates and organochlorines, statistically show a correlation in the risk of developing AD (Hayden et al., 2010, Richardson et al., 2014). Before its official ban in 1972, the organochlorine DDT, was one of the most widely used pesticides in U.S. agriculture (Richardson et al., 2014). The knowledge of DDT persistence in the environment and its ability to accumulate in tissues over a long period of time led researchers at The Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutger s University to examine serum levels of patients with AD who previously had an occupational history of DDT exposure (Richardson et al., 2014). Results indicated that serum levels of DDT were significantly elevated in 80% of their patients with AD, which suggests organochlorines may have a greater effect in the risk of developing AD over other classes of pesticides (2014). In the Cache County case-control study, questions during assessment of exposure addressed four specific types of pesticides including organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines (DDT), and methyl bromides (Hayden et al., 2010). Results identified that of the 572 individuals who reported pesticide exposure, 316 reported exposure to organophosphates, 256 to organochlorines, 28 to methyl bromides, and 25 to carbamates (2010). Aside from organophosphates and organochlorines being the two pesticides participants were numerically most exposed to, data revealed that participants who were exposed to organophosphates had the highest risk of AD (53% higher), with organochlorines posing only slightly less risk (Hayden et al., 2010, p.1528). Unlike most of the data that grouped all pesticide classes together, both Richardson et al. (2014) and Hayden et al. (2010) called attention to which types of pesticides may significantly increase the risk of AD. It is important to draw the connection between these two studies, for their findings promoted the hypothesis that toxicity levels in pesticides are variable based on classification. Although these two studies point to clear evidence suggesting exposure to organophosphates and organochlorines pose greater risks in developing AD, further research is necessary to determine levels of toxicity across all classes of pesticides and possible synergistic effects. Pesticide Exposure and AD in Males versus Females Across the literature, data suggests most pesticide exposure occurs in male-dominated occupational settings, making the association between pesticide exposure and the risk of AD extremely prevalent among males (Hayden et al., 2010). Despite female participant inclusion at the origin of all studies, researchers clearly emphasized there was no significant association of occupational pesticide exposure and risk of AD in females, (Baldi et al., 2003, p.413-14). Furthermore, it was also determined that males living in areas with high pesticide usage showed nearly double the risk of presenting with AD in comparison to females (Parr?n, Requena, Hernndez, Alarc?n, 2011). This trend reveals that males seem to have a higher risk in developing AD through both occupational and environmental pesticide exposures. The largest gap across literature is relevant data on female pesticide exposure and the risk of AD. This is ironic considering AD in general disproportionately affects older female populations (Zaganas et al., 2013). In Zaganas et als. (2013) literature review, researchers emphasized that of the fourteen studies assessed, the majority of research failed to include reasoning as to why there may be a difference in male versus female pesticide exposure and risk of AD (Zaganas et al., 2013). Researchers attribute some lack of data to the sheer fact that research on AD development itself is still underway, whereas data on other neurological diseases, such as Parkinsons, are more readily available and extensive (Zaganas et al., 2013). Conclusions and Future Study Through close examination of the literature, concrete evidence displayed the risk of AD increased for those with a history of occupational pesticide exposure. However, the conclusions in studies that examined environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of AD were far less clear. Some literature emphasized the danger in specific pesticides such asorganophosphates and organochlorines, but most studies failed to draw attention to which pesticides may have caused a more severe connection in the risk of developing AD. Moreover, it was apparent that not only is overall data on this topic still minimal, but data on female pesticide exposure and risk of AD is almost non-existent. Baldi et al. (2003) and Gauthier et al. (2001) failed to communicate speculations as to why there was no significant association in female populations, while Richardson et al. (2014) disregarded gender, and classified his participants only by occupational exposure. Further research on the link between pesticide ex posure and risk of AD must include a way of measuring exposure that is generalizable across a majority of populations. Initiative in examining pesticide-altered foods, provided by agricultural and food industries, is one way to achieve new data solely on environmental pesticide exposure, specific pesticide toxicity classifications, and statistical differences in both genders, as eating pesticide-altered foods is a mechanism of daily pesticide exposure not yet explored in literature. References Baldi, I., Lebailly, P., Mohammed-Brahim, B., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Brochard, P. (2003). Neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to pesticides in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(5), 409â€Å"414. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf216 Gauthier, E., Fortier, I., Courchesne, F., Pepin, P., Mortimer, J., Gauvreau, D. (2001). Environmental pesticide exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimers disease: A case-control study. Environmental Research, 86(1), 37â€Å"45. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2001.4254 Hayden, K. M., Norton, M. C., Darcey, D., stbye, T., Zandi, P. P., Breitner, J. C. S., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2010). Occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of incident AD: The Cache County Study. Neurology, 74(19), 1524â€Å"1530. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd4423 Parrin, T., Requena, M., Hernandez, A. F., Alarcin, R. (2011). Association between environmental exposure to pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 256(3), 379â€Å"385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.006 Quissell, K. (2018, March 15). Pesticides. [PowerPoint slides]. Retreived from https://learn.bu.edu/webapps/portal/execute/tabs/tabAction?tab_tab_group_id=_10_1 Richardson, J. R., Roy, A., Shalat, S. L., Von Stein, R. T., Hossain, M. M., Buckley, B., German, D. C. (2014). Elevated serum pesticide levels and risk for Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurology, 71(3), 284â€Å"290. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6030 Zaganas, I., Kapetanaki, S., Mastorodemos, V., Kanavouras, K., Colosio, C., Wilks, M. F., Tsatsakis, A. M. (2013). Linking pesticide exposure and dementia: What is the evidence? Toxicology, 307(May), 3â€Å"11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.002

Essay on E-Waste Recycling - 1501 Words

When Apple CEO Steve Jobs took the stage to deliver a candid commencement speech at Stanford this past June, a plane flew over the stadium with a banner that read: Steve -- dont be a mini player -- recycle all e-waste. This was the latest stunt by the Computer Take-Back Campaign (CTBC), an environmental crusade supported by activist groups who have criticized Apple for lagging behind the rest of the computer industry in its recycling efforts. The planes banner referred to Apples recent announcement that it will now accept iPods for free recycling at all of its stores in exchange for 10 percent off the purchase of a new iPod. Until June, organizations like the CTBC and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) roundly denounced†¦show more content†¦The CTBC claims that e-waste accounts for approximately 40 percent of these three toxins that end up landfills, noting that just 1/70th of a teaspoon of mercury can contaminate 20 acres of a lake, making the fish unfit to eat. Unfortunately, the EPA estimates that only 10 percent of e-waste is recycled annually. Even more upsetting, though, are the conditions in which some of these materials are recycled. While some firms operate under strict environmental regulations with adequate protocols to protect workers health, many do not. E-Waste Goes Global In 2002, the Basel Action Network (BAN) along with the SVTC released a groundbreaking, heartrending investigation called Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia [PDF]. BAN found that 50 to 80 percent of e-waste collected in the western U.S. for recycling is actually exported to countries like China, India, and Pakistan. The investigative team witnessed the toxic dumping of lead-laden cathode ray tubes in open fields and rivers not far from populated areas, the open burning of plastics and wires, and exposure to toxic solders from circuit boards. They also documented hundreds of thousands of migrant workers (men, women and children), who were forced to break apart and process obsolete computers, completely unaware of the health andShow MoreRelatedE-Waste Recycling Program982 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment. However, there are still some activities that we might think they are safe for us and the environment; it they actually kills us in far the future. One of them is recycling electronics equipment. Nowadays, electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing rapidly in the US and many people know that they should not just throw e-waste in the garbage can because it can be delivered to the landfill, burned and leave over chemical substances into water underground . That is very dangerous because it mightRead MoreRecycling E Waste And Its Effects On The United States834 Words   |  4 PagesRecycling e-waste If you where to ask a small child in Nigeria—what do you do everyday? They will most likely answer, burning e-waste and selling the minerals inside in in. Not an answer you would receive from an American children living in the Untied States. Slowly this kids are being sicken by all the dangerous substances that e-waste contains. Soon this will lead for their bodies to stop growing properly. They will eventually die. Old electronics should not be thrown away, instead recycledRead MoreEvaluating The Building Of An E Waste Recycling Facility Or No1883 Words   |  8 PagesRisk Paper Risk Assessment Plan This scenario is very complex and requires a very sensitive and dynamic approach in order to decide whether to approve the building of an e-waste recycling facility or no. Definitely all the sides, city official, company representatives and the society, need to communicate with each other in order to come up with the correct conclusion. There are a issues in this scenario, however, I believe that in contains problems of only one of three risk challenges. I thinkRead MoreEvaluating The Performance Of E Waste Recycling Programs Using Fuzzy Multi Attribute Group Decision Making Model1522 Words   |  7 Pages Review of â€Å"Evaluating the Performance of E-Waste Recycling Programs using Fuzzy Multi-attribute group Decision Making Model† Haokun Li hli120@illinois.edu â€Æ' Contents Introduction 4 Performance Evaluation 5 (1) Define Criterions 5 (2) Score the Criterions 6 (3) Compute Weighting Factors 7 (4) Computing Weighted Matrix 8 (5) Find Positive and Negative Ideal Solutions 8 (6) Compute Overall Performance Index 8 Conclusions 9 References 10 â€Æ' Abstract: A fuzzy multi-attribute groupRead MoreIt Is Supposed To Be A Bright Sunny, Warm Day In The Northern1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof not breathing in the foul particulates that waft around in the soupy gray sky. Almost ironically, our goal of processing e-waste, in an effort to reduce its effects, can contribute greatly to a large set of environmental, health, and social issues. And while the pollution in China can also be attributed to any number of unclean industrial practices, the issue of e-waste should not be put off for later handling. Jennifer Good of Brock University states that â€Å"†¦the Electronics TakeBack CoalitionRead MoreEssay about E-waste Management862 Words   |  4 PagesToxic waste or electronic waste (e-waste), produced by obsolete electronic products, is growing at an alarming rate, and poses a severe environmental threat. In light of challenges underlined by this new kind of waste, sound management is imperative. Although, America and Asia are economically very different from each other, ironically they do not differ much when it comes to the `mismanagement of e-waste: unsafe disposition practices, lax legislation, and inadequate recycling. Disposal of e-wasteRead MoreShould Electronic Waste Be An Unethical Political Decision?3555 Words   |  15 PagesThe production and circulation of electronic waste is a highly politicized and complex issue which highlights the conflicts and tensions between jobs and the environment. There are debates surrounding governance decisions and global economic linkages which approach the disposal of e-waste from two different stand points. One view is that the first world is making an unethical political decision to send its e-waste problem to pollution havens i.e. third-world countries with less stringent environmentalRead MoreThe Problem Of E Waste2629 Words   |  11 PagesE-Waste may be described as a broad and growing range of electronics ranging from large household devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, personal stereos and consumer electronics to computers, which have been discarded by their users. (Puckett and Smith, 2002). While this description is accurat e, it is slightly ambiguous about the length of time before a device can actually be considered waste. Often, owners discard their electronics long before they have reached the end ofRead MoreThe Problem Of E Waste1718 Words   |  7 Pageslives of the people and the use of such innovations. In this regard, electronic waste commonly referred to as â€Å"e-waste† is one of the biggest challenges facing people all over the world for the production of the electrical and electronic equipment has been growing rapidly in the past decades. Therefore, the rise in demand for this equipment and the high obsolete rate has made e-waste of the fastest growing source of waste. For this reason, experts have come out to suggest various methods that can beRead More Solutions to E- waste problem Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesdevices. Consequently, in our disposable age most apparatus turn into aged ones in a couple of years or even months. This is one of the reasons why electronic devices be come waste. E-waste is discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken electronic devices or apparatuses. Most environment protection organizations maintain that e-waste induces health and pollution problems. The primary reason for this view is that almost all of the electric devices contain hazardous substances which are toxic and are not

Why Students Take Out Loans And Wilson - 1941 Words

I owe $40,000, I owe $60,000, I owe $100,000. Isn’t that a lot of money for one person to owe? Graduates have been faced with a serious problem brought about by the constant borrowing of money to gain a reputable education. The debt of loans varies from person to person but the extreme amounts that individuals owe is something the media finds worth gossiping about. Little does the public know, in reality, all the commotion and conversation about these debts are not accountable for the majority of college borrowers. According to A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely by Robin Wilson, she intrigues her targeted college audience by giving examples and providing awareness that most individuals are paying back their students loans within a timely manner with just a few sacrifices. Wilson emphasizes that the real reason individuals have an outstanding debt is because â€Å"they are determined to attend their dream college, no matter the cost† (257). There are various reasons why students take out loans and Wilson is determined to clear up the confusion of student debt, she encourages college students to take out loans even with media’s negativity, and lastly she tries to enlighten this targeted college group that debts are repayable with additional sacrifices but in the end, that debt was the best decision they have ever made. The majority of individuals overhear media and see newspapers headlining the outrageous student loan stories. â€Å"Is it going to be the careful story driven by theShow MoreRelatedCareer Path Of Higher Education888 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest is the key. If the student decides they want to follow the trail of higher education, they will need the money or will take out loans. A higher education these days is getting more and more expensive. Finding a job right out of college with their degree is difficult for many students. If the student earns their degree but cannot accrue a job their time and money will sit there on a piece of paper. Receiving that degree or certificate will again and again give the student a higher chance of successRead MoreA Lifetime Of Student Debt1050 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent discussions about college, a controversial issue has been the great amount of student debt owed by students. Hence, many students have opted to not go to college because they do not have the money to pay their student loan debts. In the essayâ€Å"A Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely,† Robin Wilson argues that graduating college with student loan debts is a still better option than not attending college. On the other hand, other people contends that people should not go to college becauseRead MoreEndless Possibilities in Education1845 Words   |  7 Pagescost just keeps skyrocketing. If a high school stude nt takes concurrent enrollment classes it does help them with the cost of a college education. Or at least, this is how it seems in America. Most American high school students want to go to college and even dream about it. With our current economy students cannot afford to attend the college of their dreams. Parents either are forced to help their children or the child must take out a student loan. When most people think about collegeRead MoreA Lifetime of Student Debt? Not Likely by Robin Wilson1986 Words   |  8 PagesNicole Minabe Professor Parker RWS 280 March 10, 2013 The Beauty of Student Loans I owe $40,000, I owe $60,000, I owe $100,000. Isn’t that a lot of money for one person to owe? Graduates have been faced with a serious problem brought about by the constant borrowing of money to gain a reputable education. The debt of loans varies from person to person but the extreme amounts that individuals owe is something the media finds worth gossiping about. Little does the public know, in reality, all the commotionRead MoreShould College Tuition Be Paid?1687 Words   |  7 PagesTyra Wilson Professor Jill Erwin English 102 2 December 2015 Being Able to Afford College Throughout all of high school, and especially during their senior year, the only thing students seem to hear about is college. They have to attend tours, fill out application after application and decide what school will be best for them as a person and their career path. But what most people seem to stress over more than anything else is being able to actually pay for college. College tuition is high in priceRead MoreEvaluation Of The Program Costs1201 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of Program Costs According to BYU’s website regarding the MSW program, it states that â€Å"our program takes 20 months of full-time study to complete. You will pay tuition five times.† With a tuition of $3,250 a semester for graduate students at BYU, I will need to pay a total of $16,250 of tuition. While the price for books and school supplies is not explicitly stated, I am estimating that it will be an additional $300 per semester, or $1,500 for the five semesters. This would increase theRead MoreEducation Is The Best Choice For All High School Graduates1207 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone with a degree. She points out that sometimes college is a waste of time and money. The money a college graduate earns is not much different compared to the money a high school graduate makes due to college expenses, loans and interest rates. Moreover, Bird dislikes how in today s society, a degree defines a person. Many people idealise that college will help them obtain a successful future. Bird coun teracts this education ideal by providing an example of a student going to college and not findingRead MoreEssay about College as the Pathway to the American Dream2371 Words   |  10 Pagesobtaining the American Dream, primarily because receiving a higher level of education tends to lead to a higher paying job and furthermore a financially stable future. However, this isn’t always the case due to an increase in the need for students to take out loans and increase their debt in order to afford college expenses. College = Career Readiness Over the past few years, people have begun to see going to college as a way to achieve the American Dream through career-readiness. People used toRead MoreEssay on Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission?4197 Words   |  17 Pagescareer field at vocational schools. Such schools certainly seem to have some valuable qualities: all boast of having lower costs than other colleges, of their absence of student loans, of allowing people to make more money quicker, of being narrowly focused so students don’t have to take classes they don’t need. They attempt to point out apparent weaknesses in liberal arts colleges as well, claiming that such an education is unnecessary in today’s world. However, for every reason to go to a communityRead MoreThe Ghetto Of A Caste System1630 Words   |  7 PagesDisaster) I pose the same question in regards to the ghetto blacks struggling for life in the inner city. I once had a conversation with my baby sister where she asked me wh y there are not any white ghettos. After pondering on the question, I told her that there are white ghettos it is just that they do not have to kick the man of the house out to get food stamps. Their kids do not grow up fatherless. They do not have to put him on child support to receive government help or get Medicaid. They do not get

How technology affects our lives free essay sample

Have you ever considered how different our lives would be without the continued advancement in technology? Technology today has become such a big part of our lives. When you’re out in a public place, for example the mall, and you look around almost everyone has cells phones, tablets, ipods, or portable game systems. There are a lot of things such as the internet, that have made our lives a little easier and we have become almost dependent on that we can’t imagine living without. Technology is helping the world globally stay connected faster than we can begin to imagine. Today technology is being used in ways that didn’t seem possible forty to fifty years ago. Technology today is being used to find better ways to produce clean energy, creating a more efficient work force, and making amazing advances in the field of medicine. Technology has become a part of our everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on How technology affects our lives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We see the effects of technology and its changes every day in how we communicate, learn, and how it affects the medical field. New technologies have transformed education, everything from smart phones to smart boards. These tools have enhanced communication, research and literacy. Technology has helped to make it more convenient for almost anyone to attend college and obtain degrees from the comfort of your own home. The convenience of being able to take classes online without having to step foot in a traditional classroom can be very appealing. It has made it possible for many people to continue their education, people who otherwise would not be able to fit college into their busy lifestyles between work and other family obligations. These are just a few of the positives of how technology has affected education, of course there are also negatives to such technology, such as making it easier to cheat. â€Å"Things such as cheating are now simpler than ever, and I don’t mean writing on your hand. Your class is allowed to use a graphing calculator for the test? Write a program on it that contains all the formulas that you need and presto, you pass the test† (Wilhelm, 2011). Advancements in technology have also impacted the work place in both positive and negative ways. Some businesses have computerized schedules making it easier to access from a person’s laptop, tablet or smart phone. The down fall is if there is no Wi-Fi your unable to access the internet, or if your computers crash you have no access to your schedule. Employee’s sometimes are given the option of working from home, which can make it easier for families who have children in sports or after school activities. E-mail, teleconferencing, video conferencing, and new emerging technologies are enabling people around the world to communicate and collaborate rapidly and efficiently (Todd, 2007). Some industries using machines once controlled by the worker’s hand are now run by computers, resulting in the demand for higher skilled employees. The positive is that the computerized machines can produce a higher number of material and also a better quality product. There is less human error now that a computer is controlling the machine. The negative is if the computer on this machine fails, the machine will not work resulting in no products being produced. Another negative is the need for higher skilled worker; this could leave someone who may have the skills but not the degree out of a job. Many improvements and breakthroughs in healthcare have come about due to medical advancement. Changes in the medical field from the instruments being used, to medicines prescribed to patients to operations performed are effects of changes in technology. From treating cancer and delivering babies to dealing with heart attacks, doctors have developed technology and improved techniques (Hendricks, 2013). Doctors are now able to save patients they may have never been able to save before because of the advancement in technology. Positive impacts of technology in the medical field are discoveries such as antibiotics, vaccines, organ transplants, and heart surgeries. CAT scans and MRI’s have saved many lives. These machines are monitored by a computer making it more accurate and less likely to result in human error. When it comes to healthcare there aren’t many negative outcomes of the growth of technology. The problem modern doctors face is a broken medical system and rigid insurance companies (Hendricks, 2013). In conclusion these are just a few of the positive effects of technology in our lives; it has become very useful on a daily basis. People are always looking for the most convenient and easiest way to do their work, ultimately we are becoming evermore reliant on our computers and without them we would be lost (Pretty, 2008). Of the negative effects of technology in our lives, the one that stands out is its interference on human relationship. With so many people with iPods, tablets, handheld gaming systems and smart phones we’ve detached ourselves from the outside work and one another. The positives of the innovations in technology by far outweigh the negatives.

The Evolution of the World Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Evolution of the World Essay Thesis Ancient HistoryThe Greek geographers of the later Roman period developed systematiccalculations for the mapping and shaping of the earth. However, whatwould come to replace these systematic calculations? Why were theideologies of a flat earth accepted and why were those of a sphericalearth ridiculed? The answer to this question is very simple and can beanswered by one clear and concise word: Religion. Thus saith the Lord God; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midstof the nations and countries that are round about her. (Ezekiel 5:5)This verse from the of book Ezekiel simply states that the city ofJerusalem should be in the center of all maps created. This eliminatedthe need for any latitude or longitude. Before hand, there had been morethan six hundred maps created, not one having this holy city as thecenter. There was nothing new about putting the most sacred place atthe center says Boorstin. The Hindus placed Mount Meru, a mythological70,000 foot high mountain at the center of their map. In the Muslimfaith, the Kabah in Mecca was the highest point on earth and thepolestar showed the city of Mecca to be opposite the center of the sky. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution of the World Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As one can clearly see, many maps, had different centers. Each map had adifferent center, each based on a different religion. Many years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the Greeks theorized thatthe earth was a globe. But after that, there was a period in historycalled The Great Interruption. This period was categorized by acomplete silence where people in general, forgot about the issue ofwhether the earth was flat or whether it was a globe. Another reasonthat brought the theories of a globular world to rest was because thepriests told the general public that the earth was flat. Priests such asSt. Augustine and others invented the Antipode theory, which stated thata world shaped like a globe is impossible because objects would behanging downwards and growing backwards. Once again, religion played amajor part in this argument that would rage on for many years to come. To conclude, much like the theories of the priests in the first 400years after the birth of Jesus Christ, who said that Jerusalem was thecenter of a flat earth, one might be able to relate this period in timeto a much more recent and modern one. Prior to the French Revolution in1789, France was ruled by an absolute divine right monarchy. Theinstitution that had the most power at the time was the Catholic church. No one in France would ever dare question the word of the Church. Everything the Church said had to be true and that was that. This isfurther reinforced by the churchs persecution of Copernicus who lateragain theorized that the earth was not the center of the solar system. This illustrates that 1000 years later, religion remained the backboneof society, and to a lesser extent, the same still holds true today incertain societies.

buy custom Letter of Advice on Constitutional Law essay

buy custom Letter of Advice on Constitutional Law essay I hope you are doing well. Before, we begin our discussion I will shed some light on the constitutional law. Constitutional Law is the body of law defining the relationship of different entities within a state. This includes the cabinet, legislature and the judiciary. The Stop the Bill (2012) put up by the Federal Opposition provides in section 5 that: if any marine vessel with persons aboard who do not possess valid documentation for lawful entry into Australia, approaches Australian territorial waters with the intent to enter Australian territory, or enters Australian territory, that vessel shall be forcibly removed from Australian waters by Australian military vessels, or other military equipment which may be deemed necessary. This is bill majorly tries to stop any entry to the country irrespective of the reasons behind the need for entry. It is important to analyze this bill as it goes to the House of Representatives and the senates given that there have been disastrous cases as a result of in-admission and consequently drowning which has been comprehensively covered in this letter. It has further covered aspects of refugee seeking asylum in Australia which are related to the bill. Discussion According to Douglas (2009, p.142), Australia has a yearly quota of some 13,700-refugee admissions, which, in proportion to its population, is one of the highest in the world. Just like in all other countries, entry into the country is granted on basis of having valid documentation which includes visas or Electronic Travel Authorization. The policy of the Australian Government is that, despite this distinction in law, asylum seekers who arrive in excised offshore places, namely asylum seekers who arrive by boat will also be subject to mandatory detention (Linda, 2011, p.1) However, looking at a case of August 2002, a boat with 400 refugees on board sunk after allegedly being denied entry to Australia by the government reulting to the death of 353 of the refugees after they drowned (Catherine, 2005, p.26). These were people seeking their democratic right to seek refuge in Australia (Bede, 2009, p.1). Taking up responsibilities for such catastrophes is imaginable and everyone will try to clear themselves without considering that human rights have been infringed with loses of lives. According to Stanley (2010, p.12), powerful circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that the drowning were the direct result of deliberate political decisions taken by the government. In 2010 a total of 82 boats were identified transporting an average of 47 illegal immigrants (UNHCR, 2010, p.1). The total estimates a total of 3,934 people. With the cost of illegal movement to Australia estimated at between US$5,000 and $10 000 per person, these, by the standards of the region were the super affluent who could afford the expense and the queue jumping that it provided (Douglas, 2009, p.42). It could be because of such reasons that the opposition is putting forward this bill. It is evident that both the cases of illegal movement to Australia by boats are not acceptable. However, proper analysis will indicate that at times it is necessary to grant asylum as shown by the case of the drowned refugees (United Nations, 2009, p.2). With the fundamental International human rights currently in place, it is most likely that the court would give a ruling against the bill considering the implications and relations with the international states (UNHCR, 2001, p.1). This means that the bill could be challenged in a court of law citing disasters that may result in cases of denied entry. Talking of section 5(b) of the bill, should there be a person who directly tries to offer assistance to any person on board a vessel which would be subject to section 5(1), then this will change the case from refugees seeking asylum to smugglers trying to enter Australia illegally (Global Detention, 2011, p.2). It is therefore important to put clearly establish the reasons ffor those on board and seeking entry. It should be noted that in cases of refugees seeking asylum, the claims must be verified as is usual and proper protocols in offering asylum followed. Referring to initial cases of refugees seeking asylum, according to Schneider a nd Daley (2011, p.1), the court in August 2011 ruled against the governments decision to send the refugees who had arrived to Malaysia signifying its illegality. Conclusion After the analysis given, it is important to state that the bill is unconstitutional according to the Australian laws and also considering the International treaties regarding refugees. Australian constitution provides for Refugees protection and rights as outlined by Stanley and should the bill get through, it will be possible to successfully challenge it before a court of law. However, it is important to outline that section 5(2) of the bill suggests smuggling as it involves a second party who is involved in helping out. The two sections of the bill are distinct therefore, section 51(xxix) does not support section 5 in a case of refugees seeking asylum but may be admissible in a case of an individual trying to smuggle a person(s) which would then be illegal and pose a threat to all Australians, United Nations. The cases of smuggling have been rampant with smugglers trying to use all loopholes available not only via the sea but via land and air as well. Therefore, in order not to co mpromise the security of Australians nor put the lives of refugees at stake, it will be important to put clear the reasons as to why people would want to gain access to the country. This means that it will be important to will be wise to have the bill amended before being passed to the House of Representatives and the senate for adoption if it is to successfully go through the House of Representatives and the senate without opposition. I strongly believe that the facts highlighted in this case will be of great help to you. Buy custom Letter of Advice on Constitutional Law essay

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example Barclays' business mission is geared towards delivering top quarterly total shareholder returns as compared to its competitors(Kinnear, 1996) consistently over time and it seeks to manage marketing its products for value. The Macroenvironment has been very favourable to the implementation of the Barclays bank Platinum credit card launch in 2007. Its 20% share in the market has kept the encroaching competitors(Drucker, 1980) at bay. The Marketing mix of product, price, place and promotion have aided each other in the accomplishment of the company's ultimate goal of getting a big chunk of the new credit card clients starting in 2007. The strengths of the company like the well established Barclays bank as well as the opportunities to service new clients have helped in the forecast of getting a large share of Platinum credit card market. The weaknesses and the threats to the Barclays credit card has only a very minor miniscule effect on the forecasted sales of Platinum credit cards in 2007. The marketing objectives(Thompson, 1999) are to get a big chunk of the credit card market wi... The company will target its current clients and also look for new clients. 2.5 Budget, Marketing Mix The budget of 80,000 a month will be used for advertising in the radio, newspapers and television. This is a small budget because the company is banking on their satisfied clients' word of mouth advertising to help increase the sales(Irwin, 2000) of Barclays Platinum credit card. 3. Business Mission. Barclays' business mission1 is geared towards delivering top quarterly total shareholder returns as compared to its competitors consistently over time and it seeks to manage marketing its products for value. Recently Barclays integrated its Barclaycard credit card business with its personal lending businesses to create a single entity focused on meeting customer needs for credit according to UK Consumer finance. Barclaycard's strategy is to leverage the assets and capabilities of the new combined business to increase "share of wallet" through cross-selling to the larger customer base. The card issuer is also pushing into new markets internationally and forming partnerships and alliances to extend the brand appeal. Barclaycard is already the largest single credit card brand in the UK, with 10.8 million customers. 4. External Marketing Audit 4.1 Macroenvironment. 4.11 Economic. The business performance of Barclaycard is very outstanding, economically. It is currently one of the leading credit card businesses in Europe. Also, In addition to its operations in the UK, Barclaycard is has profitably entered the active booming credit card market in Germany, Spain, Greece, France, Italy and across Africa. Barclaycard has been offering the same full range of credit card services to individual and corporate customers it has been well

Mangment Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mangment - Speech or Presentation Example Secondly, it is impossible to calculate the beginning work in progress since it obtained from a previous year’s end work in progress, which is not contained in the extract provided. Lastly, since the units for measuring the direct labor cost is not provided, it is impractical to calculate the cost using the information in the manufacturing account extract (Lal & Srivastava 404-423). The estimated overhead rate allocation rate on the basis of direct labor cost = (15,000/10,000) = $ 1.5 per direct labor cost. Therefore, overhead cost to be added to job Q at the year end = (1.5*8,000) = $ 12,000 (Lal & Srivastava 404-423). The overhead allocation rate = 120% of direct labor. From this, the overhead cost of job 413 = (120/100) *8, 000 = $ 9,600. Therefore, the total manufacturing cost assigned = overhead cost + direct materials cost + direct labor cost = (9,600 + 12,000 + 8,000) = $ 29,600. The unit product cost for job 413 = total manufacturing cost/ number of units = (29,600/200) = $ 148 (Lal & Srivastava

The Evolution of the Automobile Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of the Automobile Essay The official definition of an automobile is â€Å"a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine† (Merriam-Webster 51). There is no one person accredited for the invention of the automobile, but rather a collection of advancements that evolved into the modern-day automobile (Smith 12). Today, there are approximately 600 million passenger vehicles in existence worldwide, with numbers rapidly increasing in emerging economic â€Å"power countries†, such as China and India (Smith 23). A Flemish man named Ferdinand Verbiest introduced the first design for a self-propelled vehicle in 1672, in China, nearly one hundred years before the first internal combustion engine (Smith 25). From the late seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, a series of vehicles, all propelled by steam, were constructed and demonstrated worldwide (Smith 34). The steam car was a superior machine in the nineteen hundreds (Smith 34). Steam cars were responsible for everyday travel, commercial transportation and even held land speed records (Smith36). It wasn’t until 1807 that the world’s first internal combustion engine was created, in France, by Nicephore Niepce (Smith 36). Another leader in the creation of the internal combustion engine was Francois Issac de Rivaz, who revolutionized the fuel that the engines ran on (Smith 36). Early automobiles powered by internal combustion engine ran on fuel made of powered and coal mixed with oil or a mixture of elements, such as hydrogen and oxygen (Smith 36). In 1824, and Englishman named Samuel Brown adapted the steam engine to burn gasoline and created the first gas vacuum engine (Smith 38). Sir Dougald Clerk, of Scotland, was accredited in 1876 for designing the first successful two-stroke engine (Smith39). In 1890, Wilhelm Mayback created the first four-cylinder, four-stroke engine (Smith39). Everything changed in 1885, when vehicle engineering took a sharp turn towards the future in regards to efficiency and affordability, thanks to the German inventor, Karl Benz (Smith 49). As the market for economical automobiles in the late nineteenth century began to grow, the need for industrial production was pressing. Benz patented the first four-stroke engine to be placed in his company’s production automobiles in 1888 (Smith 50). The first large-scale assembly production lines appeared in the early 1900s, many of which are still around today (Smith 24). Oldsmobile and Ford were two of the first companies to successfully mass-produce vehicles to meet the vast automotive market needs. American entrepreneur, Henry Ford, invented and improved the assembly line and installed the first conveyor belt system in his automobile manufacturing plant, based in Detroit, Michigan (Smith 95). Assembly lines reduced production costs by training workers to become experts with one specific part of the automobile or machinery, thus reducing production costs (Smith 97). Ford introduced the Model T in 1908, which could be assembled in an unprecedented ninety-three minutes. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, governments began to create and enforce automobile safety and environmental regulations (Smith 103). The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations is a working party of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the goal of this organization is to facilitate international trade by creating a uniform model of regulations for vehicle design (Corbett 67). The UNECE is also responsible for creating and enforcing regulations on vehicle safety among automotive manufacturers (Corbett 69). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than one million people are injured or fatally wounded on the world’s roads annually (Corbett 70). Some examples of vehicle regulations include seat belts, air bags and laminated windshields (Corbett 71). Seat belts limit the forward motion of the driver or passengers and absorb kinetic energy by stretching to retain movement if an accident occurs (Corbett 71). Air bags inflate to cushion to cushion the impact of the vehicle occupants and are placed in various locations in the vehicle’s interior, such as steering wheels, dash and doors (Corbett 71). Laminated windshields are designed to remain in one piece when impacted to prevent shattering, while maintaining visual clarity just after an accident has occurred, allowing the driver to safely redirect themselves from harm’s way (Corbett 71). There are also regulations for vehicle’ side windows and back windshield (Corbett 72). Windows and rear wind shields must be manufactured with tempered glass, which breaks into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splitting into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does (Corbett 72). Many new luxury features, such as paint color choices, differences in interior and upgraded designs and environmental features much as electric or hybrid engines in the twentieth century emerged on the market (Anderson and Anderson 167). The modern day automobile is a vehicle of evolutionary change and has transformed exponentially over the last several centuries. Today, the leading manufacturers of automobiles are Toyota (Japan), General Motors (USA), Volkswagen (Germany) and Ford (USA) (Corbett 22). These leading manufacturers all embody features and characteristics that make their product and branding unique and memorable, as well as abiding by worldwide government standards which include regulations of vehicle safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency and theft resistance (Corbett 13-16, 18). The evolution of motor vehicles from the seventeenth century to present-day is astounding. It would be reasonable to argue that the automobile is the single most evolved piece of modern machinery of all time. Motor vehicle usage has evolved over time, beginning with use for personal leisure and developed for commercial transportation, public transit and racing. The transformation of production and assembly, as well as the addition of customizable features mark the individualistic ideals of the twenty-first century. There no doubt, motor vehicles will continue to evolve throughout time with environmental needs at the forefront worldwide and the ever-growing necessity of increasing luxury among automobile owners. Works Cited Anderson, Curtis Darrel, and Judy Anderson. Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. Chicago: McFarland, 2010. Print. Corbett, David. A History of Cars. New York: Gareth Stevens Publishers, 2005. Print. Merriam-Webster, Inc. , . Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary. 11th. New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc. , 2003. Print. Smith, Kaelyn. A Brief History of Automobiles. New York: Websters Digital Services, 2011. Print.

Patriotism and Its Meaning Essay -- Definition Patriot National Essays

Patriotism and Its Meaning In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States we are seeing many forms of Patriotism. I was suprised to find when I researched this word that it had a negative feeling associated with it. I believe that patriotism is actively showing your support for your country, standing up for what you believe in, and fighting for our individual free will and independence. I am proud of my country and I am not ashamed to fly the American Flag. Many men and women have died to give me the freedoms that I take for granted. I applaud their patriotism, and I thank them for giving me my way of life. I will support them in protecting my country. I will try to elect officials who believe in the issues I do, and who work for the better good o...

Masque of the Red Death Reflection

The Confliction on the Page In the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, by Edgar Allen Poe, the main conflict is the â€Å"Red Death† arrives at Prince Prospero's Masque, and kills everyone. At Prince Prospero's ball the guests in attendance all partied in a castellated abbey which had seven rooms in which the party was held. During the middle of one of the festivities a strange figure came into the room and the bold energy and hype immediately died down to the point of where you could here a pin drop on the floor.At this point the red death has entered the room but nobody knows it yet, Poe writes,† The figure was tall and gaunt, and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave. † (Poe 87) This shows that the people in attendance do not know it is the red death yet, until they see the first sign of the Red Death's presence n the people, which angers the prince. When the prince discovers that it is the red death, he pulls a dagger fro m his belt and follows the corpselike figure through the rooms to the last unlit room, the one that had drapes of black velvet.The prince attempts to stab the ghoulish figure but his plan is foiled: â€Å"†¦having attained the extremity of the velvet apartment, turned suddenly and confronted his pursuer. There was a sharp cry-and the dagger dropped gleaming upon the sable carpet, upon which, instantly afterwards, fell prostrate in death the Price Prospero. † (Poe 88) the reader then sees that the prince died due to him being foolish rather than him getting the Red Death disease. The red death then sickened the whole group and everyone dies. This shows how the Red Death was the main conflict in the story due to the fact that it keeps killing everyone.

Michelangelo Buonarroti Biography and Artwork